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Tuesday, July 26, 2011
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
ELBERT EINSTAIN
Einstein was born at Ulm in Württemberg, Germany on March 18, 1879. His family wasJewish but was not very religious. Albert did not talk until he was about three, which is very unusual.[needs proof] When Albert was around four, his father gave him a magnetic compass. He tried hard to understand how the needle could seem to move itself so that it always pointed north. The needle was in a closed case, so clearly nothing like wind could be pushing the needle around, and yet it moved. So in this way Einstein became interested in studying science and mathematics. His compass inspired him to explore the world. Albert went to a Roman Catholic school. He was not a good student, and many people thought him to not be very smart.
When he became older, he went to a school in Switzerland. After he graduated, he got a job in the patent office there. While he was working there, he wrote the papers that made him famous as a great scientist.
Einstein had two heavily-disabled children with his first wife Mileva His daughter 'Lieserl' (her real name may never be known) was born about a year before their marriage in January 1902.[3] She spent her very short life (believed to be less than 2 years) in the care of Serbiangrandparents where it is believed she died from Scarlet Fever.[4] Some believe she may have been born with the disorder called Down syndrome but it has never been proven. Her very existence only became known to the world in 1986 when a shoe-box, containing 54 love letters (mostly from Einstein) exchanged between Mileva and Einstein from late 1897 to September 1903, was discovered by Einstein's grand-daughter in an attic in California.[5] Their son, Eduard, was diagnosed at age 7 with a severe mental illness. He spent decades in hospitals, and died in the Zurich sanatorium in 1965.
There is an indirect connection between brain size and the size of the neopallium especially important for the brain's higher functions. However, Einstein's brain weight was below-average and showed signs of degeneration (e.g. Sylvian fissure).
In 1917, Einstein became very sick with an illness that almost killed him. It was his cousin Elsa Lowenthal who nursed him back to health. After this turn of events, Einstein divorced Mileva, and married Elsa on June 2, 1919.
Just before the start of World War I, he moved back to Germany, and became director of a school there. He lived in Berlin until the Nazigovernment came to power. The Nazis hated people who were Jewish or who came from Jewish families. They accused Einstein of helping to create "Jewish physics," and German physicists tried to prove that his theories were wrong.
In 1933, under death threats from the Nazis and despised by the Nazi-controlled German Press, Einstein and Elsa moved to the United States to Princeton, New Jersey after feeling the heat of Nazi Germany and in 1940 he became a United States citizen.
During World War II, Einstein and Leó Szilárd wrote to the U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt, to say that the United States should invent an atomic bomb before the Nazi government could invent one first. He was not part of the Manhattan project, which was the project to create the atomic bomb. He was the only one that signed the letter.
Einstein died on 18 April 1955 of a burst aorta heart disease. He was still writing about quantum physics hours before he died.
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Monday, February 14, 2011
Once upon a time as a queen sits sewing at her window, she pricks her finger on her needle and three drops of blood fall on the snow that had fallen on her ebony window frame. As she looks at the blood on the snow, she says to herself, "Oh, how I wish that I had a daughter that had skin white as snow, lips red as blood, and hair black as ebony". Soon after that, the queen gives birth to a baby girl who has skin white as snow, lips red as a rose, and hair black as ebony. They name her Princess Snow White. As soon as the child is born, the queen dies.
Soon after, the king takes a new wife, who is beautiful but also very vain. The Queen possesses a magical mirror, an animate object that answers any question, to whom she often asks: "Mirror, mirror on the wall / Who in the land is fairest of all?" (in German "Spieglein, Spieglein, an der Wand / Wer ist die Schönste im ganzen Land?") to which the mirror always replies "You, my queen, are fairest of all." But when Snow White reaches the age of seven, she becomes as beautiful as the day, and when the queen asks her mirror, it responds: "Queen, you are full fair, 'tis true, but Snow White is fairer than you." Though in another version, the mirror simply replies: "Snow White is the fairest of them all."
The queen becomes jealous, and orders a huntsman to take Snow White into the woods to be killed. She demands that the huntsman, as proof of killing Snow White, return with her heart. The huntsman takes Snow White into the forest, but after raising his knife to stab her, he finds himself unable to kill her. Instead, he lets her go, telling her to flee and hide from the Queen. He then brings the queen the heart of a young deer, which is prepared by the cook and eaten by the queen.
In the forest, Snow White discovers a tiny cottage belonging to a group of seven dwarfs, where she rests. There, the dwarfs take pity on her, saying "If you will keep house for us, and cook, make beds, wash, sew, and knit, and keep everything clean and orderly, then you can stay with us, and you shall have everything that you want." They warn her to take care and let no one in when they are away delving in the mountains. Meanwhile, the Queen asks her mirror once again "Who's the fairest of them all?", and is horrified to learn that Snow White is not only alive and well and living with the dwarfs, but is still the fairest of them all.
Three times the Queen disguises herself and visits the dwarfs' cottage while they are away during the day, trying to kill Snow White. First, disguised as a peddler, the Queen offers colorful stay-laces and laces Snow White up so tight that she faints, causing the Queen to leave her for dead. However, Snow White is revived by the dwarfs when they loosen the laces. Next, the Queen dresses as a different old woman and brushes Snow White's hair with a poisoned comb. Snow White again collapses, but again is saved by the dwarfs. Finally, the Queen makes a poisoned apple, and in the disguise of a farmer's wife, offers it to Snow White. When she is hesitant to accept it, the Queen cuts the apple in half, eats the white part and gives the poisoned red part to Snow White. She eats the apple eagerly and immediately falls into a deep stupor. When the dwarfs find her, they cannot revive her, and they place her in a glass coffin, assuming that she is dead.
Time passes, and a prince traveling through the land sees Snow White. He strides to her coffin. The prince is enchanted by her beauty and instantly falls in love with her. He begs the dwarfs to let him have the coffin. The prince's servants carry the coffin away. While doing so, they stumble on some bushes and the movement causes the piece of poisoned apple to dislodge from Snow White's throat, awakening her. The prince then declares his love for her and soon a wedding is planned.
The vain Queen, still believing that Snow White is dead, once again asks her mirror who is the fairest in the land, and yet again the mirror disappoints her by responding that "You, my queen, are fair; it is true. But the young queen is a thousand times fairer than you."
Not knowing that this new queen was indeed her stepdaughter, she arrives at the wedding, and her heart fills with the deepest of dread when she realizes the truth. As punishment for her wicked ways, a pair of heated iron shoes are brought forth with tongs and placed before the Queen. She is then forced to step into the iron shoes and dance until she drops dead. (Other versions imply that she dies of a heart attack.)[3]
Soon after, the king takes a new wife, who is beautiful but also very vain. The Queen possesses a magical mirror, an animate object that answers any question, to whom she often asks: "Mirror, mirror on the wall / Who in the land is fairest of all?" (in German "Spieglein, Spieglein, an der Wand / Wer ist die Schönste im ganzen Land?") to which the mirror always replies "You, my queen, are fairest of all." But when Snow White reaches the age of seven, she becomes as beautiful as the day, and when the queen asks her mirror, it responds: "Queen, you are full fair, 'tis true, but Snow White is fairer than you." Though in another version, the mirror simply replies: "Snow White is the fairest of them all."
The queen becomes jealous, and orders a huntsman to take Snow White into the woods to be killed. She demands that the huntsman, as proof of killing Snow White, return with her heart. The huntsman takes Snow White into the forest, but after raising his knife to stab her, he finds himself unable to kill her. Instead, he lets her go, telling her to flee and hide from the Queen. He then brings the queen the heart of a young deer, which is prepared by the cook and eaten by the queen.
In the forest, Snow White discovers a tiny cottage belonging to a group of seven dwarfs, where she rests. There, the dwarfs take pity on her, saying "If you will keep house for us, and cook, make beds, wash, sew, and knit, and keep everything clean and orderly, then you can stay with us, and you shall have everything that you want." They warn her to take care and let no one in when they are away delving in the mountains. Meanwhile, the Queen asks her mirror once again "Who's the fairest of them all?", and is horrified to learn that Snow White is not only alive and well and living with the dwarfs, but is still the fairest of them all.
Three times the Queen disguises herself and visits the dwarfs' cottage while they are away during the day, trying to kill Snow White. First, disguised as a peddler, the Queen offers colorful stay-laces and laces Snow White up so tight that she faints, causing the Queen to leave her for dead. However, Snow White is revived by the dwarfs when they loosen the laces. Next, the Queen dresses as a different old woman and brushes Snow White's hair with a poisoned comb. Snow White again collapses, but again is saved by the dwarfs. Finally, the Queen makes a poisoned apple, and in the disguise of a farmer's wife, offers it to Snow White. When she is hesitant to accept it, the Queen cuts the apple in half, eats the white part and gives the poisoned red part to Snow White. She eats the apple eagerly and immediately falls into a deep stupor. When the dwarfs find her, they cannot revive her, and they place her in a glass coffin, assuming that she is dead.
Time passes, and a prince traveling through the land sees Snow White. He strides to her coffin. The prince is enchanted by her beauty and instantly falls in love with her. He begs the dwarfs to let him have the coffin. The prince's servants carry the coffin away. While doing so, they stumble on some bushes and the movement causes the piece of poisoned apple to dislodge from Snow White's throat, awakening her. The prince then declares his love for her and soon a wedding is planned.
The vain Queen, still believing that Snow White is dead, once again asks her mirror who is the fairest in the land, and yet again the mirror disappoints her by responding that "You, my queen, are fair; it is true. But the young queen is a thousand times fairer than you."
Not knowing that this new queen was indeed her stepdaughter, she arrives at the wedding, and her heart fills with the deepest of dread when she realizes the truth. As punishment for her wicked ways, a pair of heated iron shoes are brought forth with tongs and placed before the Queen. She is then forced to step into the iron shoes and dance until she drops dead. (Other versions imply that she dies of a heart attack.)[3]
Monday, December 6, 2010
Other Activities
In addition to his educational endeavours and his priestly ministry of religious services and preaching, Don Bosco undertook a multitude of other activities in the effort to promote his work and to adequately care for those in his charge. Attending to the material, pastoral and spiritual welfare of the rapidly expanding network of communities under his care and the continual need to secure the financial resources to fund and support his humanitarian, charitable and religious activities, meant that his time was increasingly occupied with meetings, travel and writing. In response to the need for educational resources for his students Don Bosco authored numerous texts in mathematics, spirituality, history and religion. He established his own printing press, edited several popular magazines and wrote a number of books, pamphlets and biographies in order to provide his students and his growing public audience with written materials appropriate for their human and spiritual formation.
Don Bosco was also called upon to undertake numerous other activities. He acted as a mediator between the Papacy and civil authorities throughout Italy, built numerous churches, schools and oratories, commissioned a series of missionary expeditions to South America and founded two organisations of lay people to assist him in his work.
The name "Don Bosco" became extraordinarily well known throughout Europe - especially Italy, Spain and France as a result of his prolific activity in such a wide range of civil and ecclesial projects. The nature of his work for young people and the novel, if not revolutionary, approach that he adopted captured the imagination of people from every stratum of society. Even towards the end of his life, Don Bosco's charismatic reputation for holiness and his popularity as a preacher and writer resulted in tens of thousands of people gathering to see and listen to him in each of the cities that he visited on tours of France and Spain.
Don Bosco was also called upon to undertake numerous other activities. He acted as a mediator between the Papacy and civil authorities throughout Italy, built numerous churches, schools and oratories, commissioned a series of missionary expeditions to South America and founded two organisations of lay people to assist him in his work.
The name "Don Bosco" became extraordinarily well known throughout Europe - especially Italy, Spain and France as a result of his prolific activity in such a wide range of civil and ecclesial projects. The nature of his work for young people and the novel, if not revolutionary, approach that he adopted captured the imagination of people from every stratum of society. Even towards the end of his life, Don Bosco's charismatic reputation for holiness and his popularity as a preacher and writer resulted in tens of thousands of people gathering to see and listen to him in each of the cities that he visited on tours of France and Spain.
The Abando Youth of Turin
The middle decades of the nineteenth century were politically turbulent times on the Italian peninsula as the conglomeration of small independent states moved towards political unity, initially as the Kingdom of Italy and, subsequently, as the Republic of Italy. During this time relations between Church and State were severely strained, anti-clericalism was rife and successive governments proclaimed oppressive laws against the Catholic Church. Simultaneously, the Industrial Revolution was gaining momentum and rural people headed for the cities. Here their hopes of a more prosperous life were dashed. Unable to cope with the sudden population influx, the result was overcrowded cities, joblessness, slums, youth homelessness, crime and poverty.
During his post-graduate course in Pastoral Studies, Don Bosco visited the gaols, hospitals, streets and market places of Turin. Here he came into contact with the homeless, the unemployed and the poor. The young in particular were least able to fend for themselves and most in need of care - many were in the city without any family. Don Bosco began gathering the boys who roamed the streets with nothing to do - especially on Sundays. He organised games and activities for them, gave them religious instruction and held religious services for them.
Later he purchased an old shed, which he repaired and renovated with the assistance of his boys. Thus, he established his first permanent "Oratory." In order to meet the needs of the "poor and abandoned" boys in his care, Don Bosco gradually extended his work to include the provision of food, clothing and accommodation. He even brought his aging mother to Turin to help care for them. He also began to use the trades that he had learnt as a young student to teach his own boys trades that might make them more employable. Thus began the educational project that would constitute his life's work.
In spite of criticism from church and civil authorities, Don Bosco persevered and as the years passed, extended his work. He sought the assistance of fellow priests and some of his older students, some of whom "stayed with Don Bosco." He united these collaborators into a community, with St Francis de Sales as their patron. Hence, the name "Salesian" which Don Bosco gave to his fledgling group, which he later formed into a religious order within the Catholic Church. Later, he established an order of religious sisters known as the "Daughters of Mary, Help of Christians" to further his work amongst girls.
During his post-graduate course in Pastoral Studies, Don Bosco visited the gaols, hospitals, streets and market places of Turin. Here he came into contact with the homeless, the unemployed and the poor. The young in particular were least able to fend for themselves and most in need of care - many were in the city without any family. Don Bosco began gathering the boys who roamed the streets with nothing to do - especially on Sundays. He organised games and activities for them, gave them religious instruction and held religious services for them.
Later he purchased an old shed, which he repaired and renovated with the assistance of his boys. Thus, he established his first permanent "Oratory." In order to meet the needs of the "poor and abandoned" boys in his care, Don Bosco gradually extended his work to include the provision of food, clothing and accommodation. He even brought his aging mother to Turin to help care for them. He also began to use the trades that he had learnt as a young student to teach his own boys trades that might make them more employable. Thus began the educational project that would constitute his life's work.
In spite of criticism from church and civil authorities, Don Bosco persevered and as the years passed, extended his work. He sought the assistance of fellow priests and some of his older students, some of whom "stayed with Don Bosco." He united these collaborators into a community, with St Francis de Sales as their patron. Hence, the name "Salesian" which Don Bosco gave to his fledgling group, which he later formed into a religious order within the Catholic Church. Later, he established an order of religious sisters known as the "Daughters of Mary, Help of Christians" to further his work amongst girls.
St.Don Bosco
Born in the small rural hamlet of Castelnuovo in the Piedmont region of northern Italy to a poor peasant family, John's father died when he was only two years old. Despite dire poverty and severe family dysfunction, John's early life is characterised by great vivacity, deep religiosity and a willingness and ability to try to do almost anything. He demonstrated great aptitude for study, devoured books, had an incredible memory and great perseverance. He entertained young and old with his abilities at acrobatics and held them spell-bound with his talent for story-telling.
At the age of nine, John had a dream, which influenced and gave great meaning to the rest of his life. In the dream John saw himself amidst a great throng of young people whom he was charged to care for by means of goodness, kindness and love, rather than by means of force and compulsion. Even as a boy he commented to his mother, Margaret, on the fact that priests when they met him on the road were cold and distant and never bothered to speak to him. "If I am ever a priest," he said, "I won't be like that. I shall devote my life to young people. Children shall never see me pass by them looking grave and distant. I shall always be the first to speak to them."
Despite being forced to leave home at the age of twelve because of his relationship with his older brother, John persevered with his studies. To pay for his schooling, he took on part-time jobs and learnt skills including carpentry, tailoring and cobbling. He would later use these skills to train his own students. John entered the seminary and was eventually ordained a priest on June 5, 1841. After his ordination, Don Bosco undertook post-graduate studies in Turin, the provincial capital and the seat of the Kingdom of Savoy.
At the age of nine, John had a dream, which influenced and gave great meaning to the rest of his life. In the dream John saw himself amidst a great throng of young people whom he was charged to care for by means of goodness, kindness and love, rather than by means of force and compulsion. Even as a boy he commented to his mother, Margaret, on the fact that priests when they met him on the road were cold and distant and never bothered to speak to him. "If I am ever a priest," he said, "I won't be like that. I shall devote my life to young people. Children shall never see me pass by them looking grave and distant. I shall always be the first to speak to them."
Despite being forced to leave home at the age of twelve because of his relationship with his older brother, John persevered with his studies. To pay for his schooling, he took on part-time jobs and learnt skills including carpentry, tailoring and cobbling. He would later use these skills to train his own students. John entered the seminary and was eventually ordained a priest on June 5, 1841. After his ordination, Don Bosco undertook post-graduate studies in Turin, the provincial capital and the seat of the Kingdom of Savoy.
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